Tuesday, January 20, 2009

The Mothership Is Calling!


"Have fun, stay liquid, laugh alot but stay ready for the call from the mothership...then we fight. Then you'll see Dupree come in here throwing seven different kinds of smoke"

http://video.aol.com/video-detail/you-me-and-dupree-the-mothership/3589045731

The last blog that I wrote implied that genetic determinism was an ‘unpleasantry’. I have been thinking about that a lot this past week and have come to the conclusion that the line between genetic determinism and a spiritual calling is a fine one.
Jung, in developing the theory of the collective unconscious coined the notion of biological destiny. The idea, that somewhere, deep within our genes lies the answer to our destiny both as individuals and as a species. Of course, our greatest inner guidance system with respect to our destiny is our passion. Often there is no rhyme or reason to explain the things we are most passionate about. We just are. I can’t explain to my non-athletic friends the joy that comes from a 6hr ride through the mountains. There is just something inside me that determined that that action would elicit great joy.

The other ‘yang’ biological entity that comes into play to affect destiny is ability. Failure is a powerful negative reinforcer that will often, eventually, outweigh passion.

At one point in my life I had dreams of becoming an architect. However, after walking away from my technical drawing class with a less than exemplary grade and the associated feelings of failure, I realized that maybe architecture wasn’t my destiny.

Nope, embracing the true joy of life comes from finding those things that we are most passionate about and are (at least somewhat) inherently good at.

This post will talk about the athletic side of things, because that happens to be my passion but the principles apply equally irrespective of what your personal calling may be.

We all want to be good at what we love. I am assuming that if you are reading this post it is because you have a love of endurance sports. Make no mistake, a love of endurance sports and the process of training therein will take you far in the world of endurance athletics. At some point however, for many of us, love is not enough. Love without ability can lead to frustration. So, this post is about your own personal discovery and determining, from an athletic stance what plans the mother ship has for you.

In the single sports, the concept of talent identification is as old as the hills. For years, in swim squads around the country, gruff old coaches have been making arbitrary distinctions to ferry the little tadpoles in the right direction as they move through the squads, ‘Yep, you’ve got the shoulders of a backstroker’. ‘Yep, you’re a born breaststroker’. In most successful squads, the notion that an athlete should “choose their event” is laughable. Ask any coach worth his weight and he will tell you that the swimmer doesn’t choose the event, the event chooses the swimmer.

This mindset is not confined to the pool. In athletics, a pretty successful guy by the name of Arthur Lydiard made the comment that ‘for middle distance through to marathon, the training is fundamentally the same. The right event for a given runner is not determined by the training but rather their inborn basic speed.’

In recreational sports, however, the decision of what sport to ‘specialize in’ is often made with no particular regard given to the athlete’s biological potential. Rather, the athlete chooses the activity that they most enjoy. This is all fine and dandy until the athlete crosses that hazy ‘no mans land’ between recreational and competitive athletics. When the competitive goals start to come into play: I want to qualify for Kona, I want to win my age group at xyz triathlon.

It is human nature that we want to be good at what we love. For many of us, the ‘what we love’ part is much more plastic that the ‘what we are good at’ part. For instance:

We have an (in-built) love for practicing ENDURANCE ATHLETICS in the great outdoors. We could fufil this love with:
- Running Events (long or short)
- Triathlons (long or short)
- Mountain Biking
- Adventure Racing
- Nordic Skiing
- Road Cycling
- Etc.

Now, of all of these possibilities, you will be more of a ‘natural’ at some than others. This is the flipside of the principle of individuality and athletic potential. For every sport that you absolutely suck at, there is an anti-polar sport that you have the potential to be very good at. The trick is intelligently listening to the ‘mother-ship’ to determine what sport best represents your own athletic destiny.

I explored this concept a little in a previous blog post on individuality and came to a similar conclusion as my last blog on the limitations of genetics, that being that the duration and multi-discplinary nature of Ironman significantly mitigates most of the genetic roadblocks that are common to other endurance sports.
Based on the research and data that we have collected, you should be in and around the following to be in with a realistic shot of reaching the upper echelon of Ironman racing:

• A starting VO2max of 3.8L/min
• Starting lean Muscle Mass of 60kg or more
• Starting bodyfat of <~20% (in accordance with somatotype)

Note: Even these are not requirements, but they represent the sort of long term improvement, the average person can expect with long term training. There will be high and low responders that may begin with notably lower or higher #’s than these benchmarks and still ‘make it’. E.g. the G-man’s weight loss.

Now, for a young athlete this VO2max value represents a percentile rank of ~83%. In other words, there are likely several hundred million young folks walking around out there right now with the physiological potential to climb to the top of Ironman racing. I wonder how many have the passion to devote 10,000 hrs of their life to training?

Put another way, the Mark Allen of tomorrow may be running around at the top of his gym class right now, however, he is by no means necessarily winning Junior Worlds.

But, the other side of that coin is that there are several billion folks who, even if they were to training several thousand hours, are likely to top out in the 9:30 to 10:00 range. What about them?

So, what if you’re the skinny whippet who weighs 100lb sopping wet? There is an event for you too! With a VO2 of even 3.5L/min at 120lbs, your relative values make you a prime candidate for reaching the upper echelons of distance running.

And what if you’re a big guy, a little tubbier than 20% but with the big engine and muscle to boot? A weight supported sport like bike TT/track racing or rowing may be just the ticket.

Now, what if your VO2max just doesn’t cut it? The good news is that the same factors that lead to a less than impressive aerobic capacity lead to a more than impressive anaerobic capacity. Recently there has been a good amount of research into the specific genes that determine aerobic performance. One gene that shows particular promise is the ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) gene, which has implications on vasoconstriction and subsequent blood volume within working muscles. A double dose of the ACE gene has been correlated with high levels of endurance performance in elite distance runners. On the flipside, the polymorphism which results in a double dose of the deletion allele of the gene results in better than average anaerobic capacity. Interestingly, the incidence of the aerobic polymorphism and the anaerobic polymorphism is ~25%. Therefore, 25% of folks are aerobically apt, 25% are anaerobically apt and 50% have a mix of both abilities. Similar distinctions in glycolytic enzyme activity have been observed by the guru in this area, Claude Bouchard.

I guess the point that I keep coming back to is that, unlike other endurance events, Ironman racing is one of those sports that requires little more than ‘above average’ genetic material and the larger point is that we are all athletically ‘above average’ in some sport.

Listen to the mothership, train with passion, and before you know it, you too will be throwing seven different kinds of smoke! :-)

Train Smart!

AC

Tuesday, January 13, 2009

Genetics, determinism and other unpleasantries


“Top results are available to anyone who builds up to my training and dedication levels (not an easy thing, I accept, but that’s the limiter, not genetics, not training protocol, not athletic background)”
- Gordo Byrn


We had an interesting discussion going on on the EC web site this past week on the tail of some 2009 training volume totals that I posted from some of my guys (with some additions from other EC members). I’ve reposted these below:


On the whole a pretty strong anecdotal correlation can be observed between training volume and performance. However, a couple of outliers; folks who put in a lot of volume with diminished results and other folks who got great results on minimal volume can be observed. Once again, this brought the aspiring athletes least favorite topic to the fore, i.e. genetics.

So, I thought it would be a good time to throw out a reminder that at least in the world of ultra-endurance athletics you (not your parents) are most responsible for how far up the ladder you choose to climb.

I remember a very heated discussion with a former pro athlete on another tri board a few years back in which the topic of genetics came up. As a confirmed eternal optimist, you can guess which side of the fence I was on. But this guy was beyond vehemently defending his position that the reason that he didn’t make it to the level to which he aspired was all his parent’s fault. What about this study and that study that display the very long time course of training adaptation I would argue, and he would counter with his standard reply – but I tried and I didn’t make it.

Frankly, “I tried and I didn’t make it” is a lousy (and IMHO pretty pathetic) argument. The reality is that any athlete at any one time can only ‘try’ one program and, all that one failure ‘proves’ is failure of that specific program for that specific athlete. The true limiter, in my opinion, is not genetics but mental laziness. Record keeping skills, even at the elite level, particularly in a lifestyle sport like Triathlon, are notoriously poor. I have seen more than one elite athlete (often self-coached) achieve a very high level of performance and have absolutely no clue how they got there (or how to go about reproducing that performance in the following seasons). It brings back memories of the overweight person who would come to me as a personal trainer and tell me that they tried every diet and nothing worked, therefore it must be their thyroid. Really? Show me your food logs!

To complicate matters, unlike collegiate sports like swimming and athletics, in triathlon, the best triathletes rarely have access to the best coaches (whose job it is to keep and analyse these records) because they simply can’t afford them!

My point is not that this guy was going to be the next Mark Allen, had he just ‘trained right’. As you read on, you’ll see that based on the general research, it’s entirely possible that this guy did reach his genetic potential. My point is that he made a conscious decision to jump on a thread and happily adopt the role of ‘dream crusher’ to some poor guy who wanted to discuss athletic potential without any knowledge of the performance curve or training of the guy he was advising and, whatsmore, from the content of his retort, limited knowledge of his own training-performance relationship. For parents, coaches, anyone in a position of authority, do not under-estimate the power of your words. Before joining the ranks of the ‘dream crushers’ seriously consider the information at hand. If you don’t have the information, consider your own motives for wanting to offer an uninformed opinion.

So, disregarding the psychological influence of attribution theory, on what physiological studies are these deterministic beliefs based?

The formative researcher on the influence of genetics on performance is Claude Bouchard. Bouchard’s studies, and those of his fellow researchers have shown the following influences of genetics on various physiological capacities

Initial VO2max
From studies with dizygotic and monozygotic twins, Bouchard concluded that ~40% of the difference in aerobic capacity was genetically based. Follow up studies have confirmed these findings, showing figures of 29-58% (Fagard et al, 1991). Interestingly, the trend seems to be that when true VO2max tests, as opposed to submaximal estimates are used, VO2 is less genetically influenced.

Trainability
After training programs lasting 15-20 weeks in 47 young men, some experienced no change, while other improved by 1L min (all subjects 17-29 males) see below.


In summary, the vast majority of folks can expect a 0.4-0.6L improvement in VO2max after 15-20 weeks of high intensity training. However, there are outliers who will experience less than 0.2L/min or more than 0.9L/min on the same training program.

I know what you’re thinking, the guys who experienced the least improvement were already fit. Surprisingly, no. Initial VO2max accounted for only 25% of the difference in training response.

Anaerobic Output & Fiber Type
In a study by Lortie et al. (2001) 10s and 90s max power improved after 15 weeks of interval training with a difference of 5-9x for high vs low responders, an ~40% influence of genetics (Lortie et al. 2001). This can largely be explained by differences in Fast vs. Slow twitch fiber type. Simoneau et al (1995) found that 40% of the difference in fiber type distribution (ST/FTa/FTb) can be attributed to genetics.

Anaerobic Threshold
Differences in performance in and around the anaerobic threshold closely mirror the relationship of genetics to VO2max. This is of little surprise considering, among a heterogenous sample, central factors in O2 delivery remain limiting. Studies around the anaerobic threshold show the following:

• Similar difference in endurance performance after 20 weeks of training (megajoules of work in 90min ergometer test). Mean difference = 40%, range = 16% to 97% (Lortie et al. 1999).

• Difference in O2 uptake at an RER of 0.95 was 58% explained by genetic influence (Fagard et al. 1999)

Submaximal Work Capacity
Only recently, however, have researchers began to seriously look at the impact of genetics on work capacity below the anaerobic threshold. In a study by Fagard et al. (1999), this question was posed. In the Fagard study, performance at Half Ironman to Ironman heart rates (150bpm) was only 16% attributable to genetics, 11% attributable to body composition, but, the largest chunk of the pie, by far, 34% was attributable to plain old training volume.

Additional studies have shown similar influence (~20%) of heritability on substrate usage (Bouchard et al. 1994) and mechanical efficiency.

************
It is obvious that it is at least somewhat important for the short duration athlete to take care in choosing his parents (or more aptly, choosing a sport and event that matches his parents). Genetic influence in events lasting less than 90mins typically represents ~40% of the performance difference. IOW, if you are not at the top of the genetic pyramid, 40% of a given 5K field could beat you with inferior training. Long course racing on the other hand is different, with, based on the studies to date, only ~16% of performance difference explainable on the basis of genetics.

In other words, even with very poor genetic material, it would not be unrealistic to think that given similar training volume to top age group/pro athletes, the aspirant could make it to the top 16% of the field. Interestingly, in the context of Hawaii, with zero genetic ‘talent’ this represents a 9:55 performance.

Coincidentally, on the EC thread that I mentioned at the start of this piece, Chuckie V commented the following:

"AC,
I'm not entirely sold on the genetic component either, to be honest. I still think anyone who can train 25 hours a week for 25 weeks is capable of cracking 9:30 at an Ironman”


The G-man added the following:

“More than "anyone" to do less than 10 (men); less than 11 (ladies). I tend to see it as possible for the average person”

Coincidence?

Frankly, it would be unusual for a person with zero genetic talent to stay in the sport long enough to develop aspirations of fulfilling their potential. On some level we all want to be ‘good’ at what we do.

In reality, (IMHO) most of us will fall under the meat of the bell curve: ~9:30 performance given optimal training. Incidentally, but of most practical significance, based on the long term performance curves for the athletes that I have long term data on, the asymptote generally lies in this area of the performance curve.

The real trick, as always, comes back to monitoring your own individual response to different types of training. Only then can you determine just where on the bell curve you fall.

Again, discovering what ‘optimal training’ means to you and fitting it into your life is the real limiter. Most folks are unwilling to do this work. The athlete who is willing will have an advantage that outweighs most of the potential that comes from winning the genetic lottery.

Train Smart.

AC

Friday, January 9, 2009

Intervals and Base Training





“Why should I practice running slow? I already know how to be slow. I want to learn how to be fast”
- Emil Zatopek


Today’s post reflects on what experience and science have to say on the use of intervals during base training, indeed the use of year-round speed/strength work. But before we get into that, I have some exciting news. The G-Man, myself and the EC crew have set up a new website that brings together all of the resources of the EC team: Blogs, articles, etc in one place.


Additionally, you’ll find a subscription based training plan with unlimited training support from Gordo and myself for a very reasonable fee.

To kick things off, you’ll find the rest of this article only in one place (have a look around while you’re there).

http://www.EnduranceCorner.com/ac_blog